WebExtras!
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Chapter 1:  What is Criminal Justice?

Web Extra 1-1.     Keep up with developments in the JonBenet Ramsey case!
 Annotation:  This CNN special feature includes a timeline of the case, a detailed history of events in the case, and the most recent headlines surrounding events associated with the six-year-old's murder.


 Web Extra 1-2.   Crimes that Shaped the Twentieth Century.
 Annotation:  The Crime Library has hundreds of in depth true stories of the most notorious crimes of the Twentieth Century and of all time. Crimes include the St. Valentine's Day massacre, the Lindberg baby kidnapping, the Rosenberg spy trial, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, Ted Bundy's serial killings, the O. J. Simpson trial, the Oklahoma City bombing, and many others.


 Web Extra 1-3.   What is the sequence of events in the criminal justice system?
 Annotation: This Bureau of Justice Statistics site features a flowchart with brief descriptions of steps in the criminal justice system. The summaries encompass the most common events in the criminal and juvenile justice systems including initial entry, prosecution and pretrial services, adjudication, sentencing, sanctions, and corrections.


 Web Extra 1-4.    The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.
 Annotation:  The full text of this historic legislation that put many additional law enforcement officers on America's streets, expanded hate crimes to include those motivated by gender, broadened federal control over guns, provided greater protections for women, required enhanced truth in sentencing, expanded the death penalty, and much more.


 Web Extra 1-5.   The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) on the Web.
 Annotation:  The home page of the 3,800-member Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) -- an international organization established in 1963 to foster professional and scholarly activities in the field of criminal justice.   


  Web Extra 1-6.   The American Society of Criminology (ASC) on the Web.
 Annotation: The home page of the American Society of Criminology (ASC) --  an international  professional organization concerned with criminology, and with scholarly, scientific, and professional knowledge concerning the etiology, prevention, control and treatment of crime and delinquency.  The ASC has specialized divisions such as Critical Criminology, Women and Crime, International Criminology, Sentencing and Corrections, and People of Color and Crime.  Each division distributes newsletters and announcements on a regular basis.


  Web Extra 1-7.   The Criminal Justice Distance Learning Consortium.
 Annotation:  The home page of the Criminal Justice Distance Learning Consortium (CJDLC) -- an organization dedicated to the improvement and expansion of Web-based criminal justice instruction.


  Web Extra 1-8.   The National Law Enforcement Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC).
 Annotation:  The NLECTC system's regional centers and specialty offices work directly with Federal, State, and local government agencies; community leaders; and scientists to foster technological innovations that result in new products, services, systems, and strategies for the Nation's criminal justice professionals.


Chapter 2: The Crime Picture

Web Extra 2-1.    The Many Sources of Crime Data.
 Annotation:  The sites listed below provide the latest in crime and justice data, including victimization statistics.
  • The FBI's Uniform Crime Reports (UCR).
    Annotation:   The FBI's Crime in the United States for the years 1995 - 2003.  The page also offers an overview of the National Incident-Based Reporting system (NIBRS), and special information on hate crime statistics.

  • The Bureau of Justice Statistics' National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS).
    Annotation: Findings from the 2000 NCVS.

  • The Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics.
    Annotation:  Home of the on-line version of the Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics -- the largest compilation of criminal justice statistics available anywhere. The Sourcebook site is run by the State University of New York at Albany, and is updated continuously as new justice-related statistics become available.

  • The Bureau of Justice Statistics  (BJS).
    Annotation: The home page of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS).  This site provide statistical information on crimes and victims, criminal offenders, and the justice system -- including law enforcement, prosecution, courts, and sentencing, corrections, and justice system employment and expenditures. 

  • BJS's Crime & Justice Electronic Data Abstracts.
    Annotation:  BJS's Crime and Justice Electronic Data Abstracts represent data from a wide variety of published sources that are presented in spreadsheet format to facilitate use with analytic software. The files contain thousands of numbers and hundreds of categories, displayed by jurisdiction and over time.

  • The Federal Justice Statistics Resource Center (FJSRC).
    Annotation:  The Federal Justice Statistics Resource Center (FJSRC) maintains the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) Federal Justice Statistics Program (FJSP) database, which contains information about suspects and defendants processed in the Federal criminal justice system. Using data obtained from Federal agencies, the FJSP compiles comprehensive information describing defendants from each stage of Federal criminal case processing.  The available datasets are often presented in spreadsheet format.

  • The Disaster Center's U.S. Crime Statistics.
    Annotation:  This site includes crime statistics for the U.S. as a whole, as well as crime statistics for individual States.

Web Extra 2-2.     The FBI's Uniform Crime Report.
Annotation:   The Uniform Crime Reporting Program is a nationwide, cooperative statistical effort of nearly 17,000 city, county, and state law enforcement agencies voluntarily reporting data on crimes brought to their attention. During 2003, law enforcement agencies active in the UCR Program represented over 260 million United States inhabitants or 94 percent of the total population.


Web Extra 2-3.     Arming Women Against Rape and Endangerment (AWARE).
Annotation:   AWARE is a source of training, information, and support for people, primarily women, learning how to cope with violence. AWARE training is focused on self-protection and self-defense skills that can enable women to avoid, resist, and survive situations ranging from low levels of aggression to extremely violent assault.


Web Extra 2-4.     Identity Theft and Fraud.
 Annotation: This Department of Justice Web page explains to consumers why they need to take precautions to protect themselves from identity theft. It also shows what consumers can do to minimize their risk of becoming a victim and what to do if they are a victim of identity theft.


 Web Extra 2-5.    Characteristics of Crimes Against Juveniles (NIBRS).
Annotation:   This OJJDP Bulletin describes the offense of kidnapping of juveniles, using 1997 NIBRS data. Among other significant findings, the analysis reveals that such abductions are relatively uncommon, that there are three distinct kinds of perpetrators, and that the rate of juvenile kidnapping peaks in the afternoon.


 Web Extra 2-6.     Effects of NIBRS on Crime Statistics.
 Annotation:   Under the crime classification procedures introduced with NIBRS, a multiple-offense incident is recorded as more than one offense. Officials in some jurisdictions expressed concerned about the effect this more thorough system will have on their crime statistics. This report compares data from Federal Bureau of Investigation Summary Uniform Crime Reports and National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) for 1,131 agencies. Using data from 1991 to 1996, this study identifies which Index crime rates are most affected by NIBRS reporting and examines the extent to which rates change.


Web Extra 2-7.    National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Implementation Program on Crime and Violence.
 Annotation:    The objective of this program is to improve the quality of crime statistics in the United States. This program provides funding to States (in conjunction with units of Local government) and tribes that want to participate in the FBI's new approach to uniform crime reporting, NIBRS.


Web Extra 2-8.     Campus Crime Statistics. 
 Annotation:    Security On Campus, Inc is a non-profit organization dedicated to educating prospective students, parents and the campus community about the prevalence of crime on our nation's college and university campuses.


Web Extra 2-9.     National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Data.
 Annotation:  Data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) are available at this Bureau of Justice Statistics site.  The site includes press releases, Adobe Acrobat files of the complete report, ASCII files, spreadsheets, codebooks and data sets, as well as information about the sources of data and ordering information for paper versions.


 Web Extra 2-10.     The Nation's Two Crime Measures: How the UCR and NCVS Compare.
Annotation:  The US Department of Justice administers two statistical programs to measure the magnitude, nature, and impact of crime in the Nation: the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Because the two programs are designed to serve different purposes, use different methods, and focus on somewhat different aspects of crime, the information they produce together provides a more comprehensive picture of the Nation's crime problem than either could produce alone. Both programs cover rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, theft, and motor vehicle theft. The UCR program's primary objective is to provide a reliable set of criminal justice statistics for law enforcement administration, operation, and management. The NCVS was established to provide previously unavailable information about crime (including crime not reported to police), victims, and offenders. The paper describes other program similarities and differences as well as their respective strengths and limitations.


 Web Extra 2-11.   The full text of the 1994 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA).
 Annotation:    A subsection of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) allocated $1.6 billion to fight violence against women. Included were funds to: 1. educate police, prosecutors, and judges about the special needs of women victims; 2 encourage pro-arrest policies in cases of domestic abuse; 3. provide specialized services for female victims of crime; 4. fund battered women's shelters across the country; and 5. support rape education in a variety of settings nationwide. The law also provided for new civil rights remedies for victims of felonies motivated by gender bias and extends "rape shield law" protections to civil cases and to all criminal cases in order to bar irrelevant inquiries into a victim’s sexual history.


 Web Extra 2-12.    The Elder Justice Center. 
 Annotation:    The Elder Justice Center (EJC) is a court program that helps persons age sixty (60) or older who are involved in the court system because of guardianship, criminal, family or other civil matters. Chief Judge F. Dennis Alvarez established an Elder Court Task Force in November 1998. Under his leadership, the Administrative Office of the Courts partnered with community agencies to accept the challenge of coordinating the fragmented and inconsistent response to elders who are the subject of court proceedings.


Web Extra 2-13.    National Center on Elder Abuse (NCEA).
 Annotation:   NCEA online resources include introductory information about what elder abuse is, how it can be addressed, how often it happens and to whom, and what the major causes are. Other resources include NCEA's newsletter, which covers legislative and policy developments; reviews of new resources; best practices; and other elder abuse developments.


Web Extra 2-14.     The National White Collar Crime Center (NWCCC).
 Annotation:  The home page of the National White Collar Crime Center (NWCCC).  The Center provides national support for the prevention, investigation, and prosecution of white collar and economic crimes.    You may also read a BJA Fact Sheet describing the Center. 


 Web Extra 2-15.   CorpWatch.
 Annotation:    San Francisco-based CorpWatch works to educate and mobilize people through the CorpWatch.org website and various campaigns, including the Climate Justice Initiative and the UN and Corporations Project. CorpWatch counters corporate-led globalization through education and activism. And works to foster democratic control over corporations by building grassroots globalization--a diverse movement for human rights, labor rights and environmental justice.


 Web Extra 2-16.     The Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence.
Annotation:  The Brady Center works to enact and enforce sensible gun laws, regulations and public policies through grassroots activism, electing pro-gun control public officials and increasing public awareness of gun violence. The Center also works to reform the gun industry and educate the public about gun violence through litigation and grassroots mobilization, and works to enact and enforce sensible regulations to reduce gun violence including regulations governing the gun industry.


Web Extra 2-17.    Lawsuits Against Gun Manufacturers.
 Annotation:    Lawsuits against gun manufacturers have been brought by individuals, states, and cities, seeking to recoup losses suffered at the hands of gun-wielding criminals. This page offers a brief summary gleaned from The Brady Center's Legal Action Project, "Recent Developments," section.


 Web Extra 2-18.    CYBERCRIME.GOV: The Department of Justice's Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section (CCIPS).
Annotation:   Includes information on how to report high-tech crimes, the coordination of law enforcement efforts to combat Internet-based crime, and job opportunities with enforcement agencies involved in the fight against cybercrime.


 Web Extra 2-19.    Department Of Homeland Security.
 Annotation:   The mission of the Department is to develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks. The Office is charged with coordinating the executive branch's efforts to detect, prepare for, prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks within the United States.


Chapter 3:  The Search for Causes

Web Extra 3-1.     Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods.
 Annotation:  Information on a major, interdisciplinary study aimed at understanding the causes and pathways of juvenile delinquency, adult crime, substance abuse, and violence. Describes a longitudinal cohort study of human development in Chicago neighborhoods that was planned beginning in 1990. The initial study was completed in 1995 and 1996, and is continuing to gather information for 7 additional years to determine how individual personalities, school factors, and type of community interact to contribute to juvenile delinquency and criminal behavior. Directed from the Harvard School of Public Health. Visit the site of the folks who run the study at http://www.hms.harvard.edu/chase/projects/chicago/

WebExtra 3-2.     Crime Theory.com.
 Annotation:  This site provides resources on the history, development, and teaching of criminological theory. A glossary of terms and links to many crime theory sites are among the resources available.  The site also offers a unique "timeline of criminological theory," "explorations in criminology theory," a "gallery of criminologists," a list of upcoming events in the field of criminology, and suggested readings.

Web Extra 3-3.   The Jeremy Bentham Project at University College, London (England).
 Annotation:  This site offers a great deal of information about Jeremy Bentham, a proponent of the doctrine of Utilitarianism, or the principle of the "greatest happiness for the greatest number" of people.  The site includes details of Bentham's collected works, information on his manuscripts, and example of his handwriting, photos of Bentham's preserved body, dressed in his own clothes (called the "auto-icon"), and images of Bentham's will.  Bentham died on June 6, 1832.

 Web Extra 3-4.     Crime Times.
 Annotation:  A Web publication focusing on the biological aspects (especially causes) of crime and violence.  Includes the full text of many articles on the subject.  The current issue is available, along with many past issues of the Times.

 Web Extra 3-5.     The Manson Murders: 30 Years Later.
 Annotation:   A CNN special feature detailing the Manson murders.  The site includes information on why the murders continue to fascinate people today, what members of the Manson family are doing now, and Manson's prison stay. 

 Web Extra 3-6.    Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Public Facilities, Applications, and Strategies (NIJ, 1996).
Annotation:   Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), as it applies to public sector facilities design, is a concept introduced in the early 1970's that has continued to grow in acceptance at a slow but constant rate. This report says that research indicates there are many cases where CPTED strategies have had positive results when they have been incorporated into the design or rehabilitation of public sector facilities.


Web Extra 3-7.    Causes and Correlates of Delinquency Programs. (OJJDP, 1999).
Annotation:   Presents a brief overview of the research design used by the Causes and Correlates projects, which are designed to improve the understanding of serious delinquency, violence, and drug use by examining how youth develop within the context of family, school, peers, and community. The program comprises three longitudinal projects: the Denver Youth Survey, the Pittsburgh Youth Study, and the Rochester Youth Development Study. The Causes and Correlates program represents a milestone in criminological research because it constitutes the largest shared-measurement approach ever achieved in delinquency research.




Chapter 4:    Criminal Law

Web Extra 4-1.     The Rule of Law.
 Annotation:  This site provides a relatively brief discussion of the Rule of Law, but emphasizes the importance of laws for a well-ordered society. 


 Web Extra 4-2.     Under suspicion: The case against Robert Hanssen.
 Annotation:   Since 1985, U.S. officials say, FBI agent Robert Philip Hanssen was a mole inside the FBI, accused of spying for the former Soviet Union and then for Russia in exchange for cash and diamonds. Under a plea agreement, Hanssen pled guilty on July 6, 2001, to 15 counts of espionage and conspiracy charges in exchange for federal prosecutors agreeing not to seek the death penalty. This CNN In-Depth Special includes information on Hanssen's crimes, the legal case and its repercussions. The case has led to new security procedures for the FBI, which was harshly criticized in the aftermath of the Hanssen case.


Web Extra 4-3.    Breach Of Security? Online Newshour Coverage of the Cox Report.
Annotation:    How was China able to successfully gather U.S. secrets for so long? The PBS News Hour's archive of coverage on the Cox Report includes background coverage, the Congressional response, security reports, and the responses of other Washington officials as well as the Chinese leadership.


Web Extra 4-4.    The M'Naghten Rule, Excerpt from David Walker, The Oxford Companion to Law (1980).
 Annotation:    This excerpt includes a brief review and of the circumstances that led to the formulation of The M'Naghten rule by the British House of Lords in 1843. It also includes the original rule(s) from that time. Two other excerpts from leading scholars about the insanity defense and The M'Naghten rule appear on the same page.


 Web Extra 4-5.     The Implications Of Memetics For The Cultural Defense.
 Annotation:    Some lawyers say the cultural defense has a rightful place alongside legal strategies used by battered women, Vietnam veterans and the mentally ill - namely, that their experiences may twist their views of immediate danger and the necessity to kill. But many legal scholars and feminists worry that the new, "hot" legal strategy is little more than a trendy justification for male violence against women. In several recent cases across the country, ranging from Laotians in Minnesota to Ethiopians in California, the cultural defense has surfaced when immigrant men have murdered or raped immigrant women. This article strives for a balanced presentation of both views while offering some historical background of the "cultural defense."


Chapter 5:  Policing: History and Structure

Web Extra 5-1.     The Commission That Never Was: The National Commission on Crime Prevention and Control.
 Annotation:  Read about Congress's call to the President to convene a national summit on violence in America and to create a national commission focusing on crime prevention and control.  Among other things, the Commission was to: 1. develop a comprehensive proposal for preventing and controlling crime and violence in the United States, 2. bring attention to successful models and programs in crime prevention and crime control; and 3.reach out beyond the traditional criminal justice community for ideas for controlling and preventing crime.


Web Extra 5-2.    Federal Law Enforcement Agencies.
 Annotation:  This section of the Criminal Justice Cybrary features an up-to-date list of agencies, reflecting the Bush Administration's sweeping reorganization and expansion of federal law enforcement resources.  A sampling of federal law enforcement agencies follows:
 Web Extra 5-3.     Ensuring Public Safety and National Security Under the Rule of Law: A Report to the American People on the Work of the FBI 1993-1998.
 Annotation: This report describes the FBI's core values, the professional responsibility of agents and other law enforcement officers, the importance of ethics training in law enforcement, and the FBI's leadership role in national security.  Specific crimes and terrorist activities are discussed, including the UNABOMB case, and the Oklahoma City bombing; and foreign terrorists in the United States, and weapons of mass destruction are discussed.


 Web Extra 5-4.    FBI Administrative Division's and Programs.
Annotation:    This FBI page is a summarization of FBI Headquarters Divisions responsibilities, including hyperlinks to specific programs managed by that Division or the Division's web site.


Web Extra 5-5.    FBI Academy.
Annotation:    The FBI Academy is located on the United States Marine Corps Base at Quantico, Virginia. The Facility, which opened in the Summer of 1972, is situated on 385 wooded acres of land providing the security, privacy, and safe environment necessary to carry out the diverse training and operations functions for which the FBI is responsible.


Web Extra 5-6.    the FBI's War on Terrorism Web Site.
Annotation:    The FBI is part of a vast national and international campaign dedicated to defeating terrorism. Working hand-in-hand with partners in law enforcement, intelligence, the military, and diplomatic circles, the FBI's mission includes neutralizing terrorist cells and operatives in the U.S. and helping dismantle terrorist networks worldwide.


Web Extra 5-7.    The Official Directory of State Patrol and State Police Sites.
 Annotation:    A compendium of links to state-level police agencies.  Check to see if your state is listed.


 Web Extra 5-8.     Local Law Enforcement Agencies.
 Annotation:    A selection of notable examples of Big-City Law Enforcement sites are listed below:
Web Extra 5-9.    The American Society of Industrial Security (ASIS).
 Annotation:  ASIS International, with more than 32,000 members, is the largest international organization for professionals responsible for security, including managers and directors of security.  ASIS International is dedicated to increasing the effectiveness and productivity of security practices by developing educational programs and materials that address broad security concerns.


Chapter 6:  Police Organization and Management

Web Extra 6-1.     Crime Stoppers International.
 Annotation:  Crime Stoppers International (CSI) is a volunteer based organization. A volunteer board of directors from member nations establish CSI policy and represent the member programs worldwide. CSI supports a worldwide network of Crime Stoppers programs. It fosters cooperation and encourages information exchange between local Crime Stopper programs world wide. The Crime Stoppers programs worldwide have solved over a half a million crimes and recovered over 3 billion dollars worth of stolen property and narcotics. Today, there are over 1,000 Crime Stoppers programs in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, Bahamas, British West Indies, Micronesia, and other nations.


Web Extra 6-2.     Crime Stoppers USA.
 Annotation:  Crime Stoppers is based on the principal that someone other than the criminal has information that can solve a crime. Crimestoppers offers anonymity to people who provide information about crimes and pays rewards when the information supplied leads to arrest.


 Web Extra 6-3.     National Crime Prevention Council (NCPC).
 Annotation:  NCPC's Mission is to enable people to create safer and more caring communities by addressing the causes of crime and violence and reducing the opportunities for crime to occur. A national educational non-profit, the NCPC serves as the nation's focal point for crime prevention information.


 Web Extra 6-4.    National Institute of Justice, CrimeStat.
Annotation:  CrimeStat® is a spatial statistics program for the analysis of crime incident locations, developed by Ned Levine & Associates under grants from the National Institute of Justice. The program is Windows-based and interfaces with most desktop GIS programs. The purpose is to provide supplemental statistical tools to aid law enforcement agencies and criminal justice researchers in their crime mapping efforts. CrimeStat is being used by many police departments around the country as well as by criminal justice and other researchers.


 Web Extra 6-5.     Chicago's Alternative Policing Strategy.
 Annotation:  The home page of the Chicago Police Departments Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) Program.


 Web Extra 6-6.     Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS).
 Annotation:  The COPS Office was created as a result of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. As a component of the Justice Department, the mission of the COPS Office is to advance community policing in jurisdictions of all sizes across the country. COPS provides grants to tribal, state, and local law enforcement agencies to hire and train community policing professionals, acquire and deploy cutting-edge crime-fighting technologies, and develop and test innovative policing strategies.


Web Extra 6-7.     The Community Policing Consortium.
Annotation:  The Community Policing Consortium is a partnership of five of the leading police organizations in the United States: the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE), the National Sheriffs' Association (NSA), the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), and the Police Foundation. The Consortium is administered and funded by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS).


 Web Extra 6-8.     The Institute For Criminal Justice Ethics.
Annotation:  Site acquaints with the work of the Institute for Criminal Justice Ethics and its staff; provides an extensive resource library of criminal justice ethics links to other useful sites in the field and offers a forum for debate and the exchange of criminal jusice ethcis related information.


 Web Extra 6-9.     The Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA).
 Annotation:  The Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies, Inc. (CALEA), was established as an independent accrediting authority in 1979 by four major law enforcement membership associations: International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP); National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE); National Sheriffs' Association (NSA); and Police Executive Research Forum (PERF).  The Commission derives its accreditation authority from those agencies that voluntarily participate in the accreditation program.  Click Here to see a list of all CALEA accredited agencies in the United States.


 Web Extra 6-10.     Visit California's POST Commission on the World Wide Web!
 Annotation:  The California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) was established in 1959. POST sets standards for California law enforcement officers and supports California law enforcement agencies in serving their communities.


 Web Extra 6-11.     Policetraining.net.
 Annotation:  Policetraining.net is a comprehensive calendar of law enforcement training opportunities.


Chapter 7:   Policing: Legal Aspects

Web Extra 7-1.  A Complete History of the Amadou Diallo Case.
 Annotation:  CourtTV traces developments in the Amadou Diallo case. Diallo, a black immigrant from West Africa, was struck and killed by 19 bullets from \ among 41 shots fired at him by four white undercover officers of the New York Police Department.  Investigation later revealed that Diallo was innocent of any wrongdoing and was unarmed at the time he was killed.  It includes a chronology, court transcripts and an archive of many news stories relating to the event and its aftermath.


Web Extra 7-2.    Official Negligence: Lou Cannon Dissects the Rodney King Case and the LA Riots PBS Online Newshour.
 Annotation: Pictures may not lie, but they don't always tell the whole story. According to veteran journalist Lou Cannon, this was the case for one of the most famous tragedies of the 1990's: the Rodney King beating and the Los Angeles riots. For Cannon, these tapes did not tell the whole story of what happened in LA; images of the beating and riots that followed pointed to a more complex set of problems: a woefully trained police force and flaws in the city's civic and judicial leadership.


Web Extra 7-3.     Fourth Amendment (Search and Seizure).
 Annotation:  Complete text of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the "Bill of Rights," as well as information about the amendments history and scope, searches and seizures pursuant to a warrant, valid searches and seizures without warrants, electronic surveillance, and enforcing the Fourth Amendment: the exclusionary rule.


Web Extra 7-4.    Miranda Revisited.
 Annotation:  This site contains the full text of the original 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision, the full text of the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals 1999 opinion in U.S. v. Dickerson (which overturned Miranda), the relevant portions of 18 U.S.C. 3501 (on which the Fourth Circuit Court based its decision), and information on the Dickerson case now being appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.


 Web Extra 7-5.    2000 Wiretap Report.
 Annotation:  The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 requires the Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AO) to report to Congress the number and nature of federal and state applications for orders authorizing or approving the interception of wire, oral, or electronic communications. The statute requires that specific information be provided to the AO, including the offense(s) under investigation, the location of the intercept, the cost of the surveillance, and the number of arrests, trials, and convictions that directly result from the surveillance. This report covers intercepts concluded between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2000, and provides supplementary information on arrests and convictions resulting from intercepts concluded in prior years.


 Web Extra 7-6.     USA Patriot Act (USAPA) .
 Annotation:  On October 26, 2001, President Bush signed the USA Patriot Act (USAPA) into law, granting new powers to both domestic law enforcement and international intelligence agencies. The Act makes changes to over a dozen different statutes relating to online activities and surveillance, money laundering, immigration as well as for providing for the victims of terrorism.


Web Extra 7-7.    Title 18--Crimes And Criminal Procedure.
 Annotation:  The full-text of the U.S. Code governing criminal justice law.




Chapter 8: Policing: Issues and Challenges

Web Extra 8-1.     Police Organizational Culture: Using Ingrained Values To Build Positive Organizational Improvement.
 Annotation: This paper explores the major cultural themes of police isolation, police solidarity and a deep rooted schism between police management and the rank and file police on the street. These themes are discussed in terms of their organizational implications for leaders. Leadership challenges are outlined and suggestions offered about using the ingrained values to build positive organizational improvement.


 Web Extra 8-2.   CNN: Los Angeles Mayor Signs LAPD Consent Decree.
 Annotation:   The Justice Department had threatened to sue the city of Los Angeles if it did not agree to sign the decree, which calls for sweeping reforms within the LAPD and the appointment of a federal monitor to oversee the implementation of those reforms. This CNN news report covers the signing of the decree by Mayor Richard Riordan in November of 2000. Included are links to previous news reports on the decree as well as to web sites of institutions and organizations that were active participants in the events surrounding this controversy.


 Web Extra 8-3.    Drug Testing-Sworn Employees (Missouri Police Chiefs Association).
 Annotation:  This model policy is intended to serve as a guide for the police executive who is interested in formulating a written procedure to govern drug-testing.


 Web Extra 8-4.    The National Law Enforcement Officers' Memorial.
 Annotation:  Learn about the National Law Enforcement Officers' Memorial, and tour the Memorial on the Web.


 Web Extra 8-5.   NCPC: The National Crime Prevention Council.  
 Annotation:  The nation's focal point and voice for crime prevention, NCPC's mission is to enable people to create safer and more caring communities by addressing the causes of crime and violence and reducing the opportunities for crime to occur.


Chapter 9:  The Courts: Structure and Participants

Web Extra 9-1.    The National Center for State Courts.
 Annotation: The home page of the National Center for State Courts -- the organization that provides support and assistance to state courts, and which helps in their operation.


 Web Extra 9-2.   The Administrative Office of the United State Courts.
 Annotation: Run by the federal office that provides administrative support to federal courts across the nation, this site is also known as "The Federal Judiciary Homepage."  The FAQ area answers questions about federal judges, provides information on federal courts, tells how to file a case in federal course, provides information for jurors, and describes employment in the federal courts.


 Web Extra 9-3.    Center for Restorative Justice & Peacemaking.
 Annotation:    The Center for Restorative Justice & Peacemaking at the University of Minnesota School of Social Science provides technical assistance, training, and research for those in the state of Minnesota, nationally, and internationally in support of restorative justice practice and principles. The Center's website includes an extensive library of online resource documents


 Web Extra 9-4.     Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court.
 Annotation:  A Court TV site that provides biographies of every U.S. Supreme Court Justice currently serving.


Web Extra 9-5.     Northwestern University's Supreme Court Project.
 Annotation:  Take a Virtual Tour of the U.S. Supreme Court Building via Northwestern University's exciting multimedia site. The photo tour available at this site allows users to move through the Supreme Court Building, to zoom in on items of interest, and to pan the camera angle.


Web Extra 9-6.    Serving On A Jury, A Handbook For Nebraska Jurors .
 Annotation: The Alabama Administrative Office of Courts website provides information for those who have been summoned for jury service. One section briefly summarizes the roles of official courtroom participants.


 Web Extra 9-7.   The National Judicial College (NJC).
 Annotation:  The home page of the National Judicial College (NJC).   The College annually conducts more than 50 resident courses and some two-dozen non-resident courses for judges throughout the nation and the world.


 Web Extra 9-8.    The National District Attorneys Association (NDAA).
 Annotation:  The home page of the National District Attorneys Association (NDAA).  NDAA describes itself as the voice of America's prosecutors, and says that it supports "their efforts to protect the rights and safety of the people."


Web Extra 9-9.    The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL).
 Annotation:  The home page of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL).  NACDL is a professional association with more than 20,000 members and 52 state and local affiliates. NACDL organizes workshops on criminal defense techniques and the latest scientific developments in the forensics area.


Web Extra 9-10.    The Association of Federal Defense Attorneys (AFDA).
 Annotation:  The home page of the Association of Federal Defense Attorneys (AFDA). AFDA is an Internet-based association for criminal defense attorneys who practice in the federal courts nationwide.


 Web Extra 9-11..    The National Legal Aid and Defender Association (NLADA).
 Annotation:  The home page of the National Legal Aid and Defender Association (NLADA). NLADA is the oldest and largest national, non-profit membership organization that devotes all of its resources to advocating equal access to justice for all Americans.  Founded in 1911, it champions effective legal assistance for the poor and serves as a collective voice for both civil legal services and indigent defense services throughout the nation.  NLADA works to improve the American system of justice by seeking adequate funding and promoting high standards for the delivery of legal assistance to the poor.


Web Extra 9-12.    The American Bar Association (ABA).
 Annotation:  The home page of the American Bar Association -- the professional organization that represents the interests of America's lawyers.   The ABA site offers free information for members of the legal community, public information including legal assistance and publications, and a special section of ABA members and law students.  A "lawyer locator" rounds out the site.


Web Extra 9-13.     The National Court Reporters Association (NCRA).
 Annotation:  The home page of the National Court Reporters Association (NCRA).  NCRA exists to create an understanding of the role of court reporters among customers, legislators and regulators and to ensure that they remain the preferred professionals who capture and manage the records of judicial proceedings.  As the professional association for court reporters, NCRA is committed to serving its members and the public through programs that promote excellence in reporting.


 Web Extra 9-14.    Jury Duty: What To Expect.
 Annotation:  This year more than 5 million American citizens will be called to service on a jury in their community. They will be taking part in one of our oldest and most powerful democratic traditions. Thomas Jefferson described the right to "trial by juries impartially." The Arizona Supreme court website provides information for those who have been summoned for jury service or empaneled on a jury.


Chapter 10:   Pretrial Activities and the Criminal Trial

Web Extra 10-1. CourtTV: The Laci Peterson Case.
 Annotation:  Media outlets across the country were drawn to the story of the pregnant woman with the bright smile who vanished on Christmas Eve. Even during the war in Iraq, the search for her and the ultimate arrest of Scott Peterson led the news. This  CourtTV feature includes background information and coverage of Scott Perterson's trial for the murder of his wife and unborn child.


 Web Extra 10-2. Scott Peterson Indictment.
 Annotation:  Prosecutors say that on December 23rd or 24th of 2002, Scott Peterson killed his college sweetheart wife, Laci, a 27-year-old substitute teacher who was about a month away from delivering their first child, dumped her body in the ocean and then told her family and police detectives that she had simply vanished from their home. The district attorney has said he intends to seek the death penalty. Peterson maintains that he is innocent. See a copy of the criminal indictment against Scott Peterson entered by the Stanislaus, California County Prosecutor on April 21, 2003.


 Web Extra 10-3.  Professional Bail Agents of the United States.
 Annotation:  A site dedicated to bail bondsmen and women. It includes the group's code of ethics.


 Web Extra 10-4.    The National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators (NAJIT).
 Annotation:  NAJIT has been a leader in promoting quality interpretation and translation services in the judicial system. The group strives to maintain standards of quality to assure due process and adequate legal representation, as provided for by the 5th, 6th, and 14th Amendments to the United States Constitution.


Chapter 11:  Sentencing

Web Extra 11-1..   The Sentencing Project.
 Annotation:  The Sentencing Project Website is designed to provide resources and information for the news media and a public concerned with criminal justice and sentencing issues. This site also includes news and information about the National Association of Sentencing Advocates (NASA), which The Sentencing Project sponsors, and professional information of use to its members.


 Web Extra 11-2.   Implementing the Balanced and Restorative Justice Model.
 Annotation:  This document describes restorative justice, lists the principles of the restorative justice model, explains how to transform the current juvenile justice system using a restorative model, and discusses accountability and community safety under the model.


 Web Extra 11-3.   The United States Sentencing Commission.
 Annotation:  The Commission’s duties include developing guidelines for sentencing in federal courts; collecting data about crime and sentencing; and serving as a resource to Congress, the Executive Branch, and the Judiciary on crime and sentencing policy.


 Web Extra 11-4.   The Federal Sentencing Table.
 Annotation:  The guidelines table used by federal judges in imposing sentence on convicted federal defendants.  The table consists of vertical columns listing offense levels, and horizontal rows describing an offender's criminal history.


 Web Extra 11-5.   The National Victims' Constitutional Amendment Network (NVCAN).
 Annotation:  NVCAN is a non-profit organization supporting the adoption of an amendment to the U.S. Constitution recognizing the fundamental rights of crime victims to be treated with dignity, fairness and respect by the criminal justice system. Read more about NVCAN and the proposed constitutional amendment. 


 Web Extra 11-6.   The Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC).
 Annotation:  The home page of the Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC).  This site contains information on U.S. executions by year, by state, and by method.  Scheduled executions are listed, and state-by-state information on death rows is available.  A history of the death penalty in the United States is provided, and issues of race, innocence, public opinion, deterrence, costs, and clemency as they relate to the death penalty are discussed.  Special topics coverage can be found in the areas of women, juveniles, mental retardation, and international use of capital punishment.


 Web Extra 11-7.   The Debate Over the Death Penalty.
 Annotation:    The text of differing opinions on the constitutionality of the death penalty.  These documents were written by U.S. Supreme Court Justices Harry A. Blackmun and Antonin Scalia in the case of Callins v. Collns 114. S.Ct. 1127, 1128-38 (1994).


Chapter 12:  Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections

Web Extra 12-1.    International Community Corrections Association (ICCA).
 Annotation: This is the Website of the International Community Corrections Association (ICCA) -- a membership association supporting the use of community-based corrections throughout the nation. ICCA provides information, training, and other programs to enhance the quality of services and supervision for offenders in the community and to promote effective management practices of community corrections programs. The association is committed to promoting and enhancing community corrections as a vital component of the criminal justice system.


Web Extra 12-2.     United States Parole Commission.
 Annotation:  The home page of the United States Parole Commission. Although parole is slated to be abolished in the federal system (under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984), the life of the federal parole commission continues to be extended by Congressional mandate.  


 Web Extra 12-3.   The American Probation & Parole Association (APPA).
 Annotation: The American Probation and Parole Association (APPA) is an international association composed of individuals from the United States and Canada actively involved with probation, parole and community-based corrections, in both adult and juvenile sectors.


Chapter 13:  Prisons And Jails

Web Extra 13-1.   Parkhurst Past and Present.
 Annotation:  This page from the Parkhurst Prison Heritage Museum describes the history of Parkhurst Prison, which opened in 1838 to hold 102 boys up to the age of 15 awaiting deportation to Australia


 Web Extra 13-2.   Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary.
 Annotation:  Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay is home to one of the best-known prisons of all time. The prison had its beginnings as a fort for the U.S. Army in 1854 and was used to house the Bay Area's prisoners following the great earthquake of 1906. During the early 1930s, the island prison was built on the foundation of the old fort. Some of the first prison-used metal detectors were installed, and barbed wire perimeter fences and walls were built and reinforced with armed guards in towers at strategic points. Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary opened in 1934 and closed its doors as a prison in 1963. Today, the island institution survives as a tourist attraction and has spawned a number of shops selling prison memorabilia.


 Web Extra 13-3.   The Corrections Connection.
 Annotation:  An information-rich site, the Corrections Connection is home to a number of correctional organizations on the Web, and includes links to correctional associations, correctional healthcare sites, juvenile corrections, legislation relevant to the area, online correctional libraries, prison privatization information, religious support for prisoners, substance abuse programs, educational programs for inmates, gang issues, unions, victims' issues, and much more.  An industry buyers guide and searchable "corrections white pages" are also provided.


 Web Extra 13-4.  The Federal Bureau of Prisons  (BOP).
 Annotation:  The home page of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP).  This site offers information about the Bureau, includes a BOP directory, provides employment information, and includes links to related sites.  A section on inmate information describes how the Freedom of Information Act (5 USC 552) and the Privacy Act of 1974 (5 USC 552a) authorize the release of certain information about federal inmates to any member of the general public requesting it.


Web Extra 13-5.  The American Jail Association  (AJA).
 Annotation:  The home page of the American Jail Association (AJA), this site provides information about the AJA, including publications, resolutions, awards and scholarships, upcoming conferences, jail manager certification, training schedules, the certified jail manager program, and vendors.


 Web Extra 13-6.  The Prison Privatization Research Site.
 Annotation:  The Prison Privatization Research Site provides a highly diverse audience of academics, correctional practitioners, investors, policy makers, and the general public with easy access to the most comprehensive, objective, reliable, and timely information that is available about correctional privatization.


Chapter 14:    Prison Life

Web Extra 14-1.  Dictionary Of Prison Slang.
 Annotation:  An online dictionary of terms commonly used in prison by prisoners. The entries in this dictionary provides insight into prison life and the values and beliefs that underlie it.


 Web Extra 14-2.   Prison Diaries: An Intimate Portrait of Life Behind Bars.
 Annotation:  This National Public Radio special feature provides insight into what life behind bars is like.  With articles covering the treatment of female inmates, prisons of the future, and U.S. prison populations, the site offers in-depth coverage of prisons today.


 Web Extra 14-3.   America's Oldest Inmates.
 Annotation: University of Michigan Law School Project For Older Prisoners (POPS)
The POPS project is part of a national effort to focus on a growing segment of the U.S. prison population, elderly prisoners. This project addresses the special problems of these prisoners, as well as the concerns that the 'graying' of America's prisons pose for the nation in the future, through legislative reform measures and advocating parole for qualified older prisoners.


 Web Extra 14-4.    A Letter from Inside.
 Annotation:  This Crime Library feature provides insight into what it's like to be imprisoned for decades.  William Heirens has been inside an Illinois prison since he was 17.  He's now 70.  What's it like to be locked up for 52 years? Controversy still surrounds Heirens' conviction after five decades.


 Web Extra 14-5.   Mentally Ill Inmates.
 Annotation:  A CNN A special feature that examines the number of mentally ill inmates in U.S. prisons and jails.  The report is based on a comprehensive study of mental illness behind bars released by the Bureau of Justice Statistics in 2000.


 Web Extra 14-6.The Prison Policy Initiative.
 Annotation:  The Prison Policy Initiative conducts research and advocacy on incarceration policy.


Chapter 15:  Juvenile Justice

Web Extra 15-1.   The  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention  (OJJDP).
 Annotation:  The home page of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP).  The OJJDP site contains information about the agency, press releases and editorial articles authored by the OJJDP chief administrator, the full text of speeches and presentations by OJJDP personnel, information on available grants and funding, a calendar of events, and publications.


 Web Extra 15-2.   The Columbine High School Shootings.
 Annotation:  On April 20, 1999, two students went on a shooting rampage at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado. Dylan Klebold, 18, and Eric Harris, 17, killed 12 students and one teacher before turning their guns on themselves. The nation was consumed with trying to figure out what caused the boys to carry out the massacre, which had been intricately planned for over a year. This section highlights NPR stories on the tragedy and aftermath.


 Web Extra 15-3.   The National Youth Gang Center (NYGC).
 Annotation:  The National Youth Gang Center (NYGC) says that it "seeks to expand and maintain the body of critical knowledge about youth gangs and effective responses to them."  The center also assists state and local jurisdictions in the collection, analysis, and exchange of information on gang-related demographics, legislation, literature, research, and promising program strategies, and coordinates activities of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) Youth Gang Consortium -- a group of federal agencies, gang program representatives, and other service providers.


 Web Extra 15-4.   National Gang Crime Research Center (NGRC).
 Annotation:  The NGCRC is a non-profit independent agency that carries out research on gangs and gang members, disseminates information about gangs through its official newsletter, the Journal of Gang Research, and, provides training and consulting services about gangs.


 Web Extra 15-5.   The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC).
 Annotation:  The home page of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC). NCMEC serves as a focal point in providing assistance to parents, children, law enforcement, schools, and the community in recovering missing children and raising public awareness about ways to help prevent child abduction, molestation, and sexual exploitation.


 Web Extra 15-6.   The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. (AFSP).
 Annotation:  The home page of the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP). AFSP is dedicated to advancing knowledge about suicide and our ability to prevent it. The Foundation's activities include (in its words): "1. Supporting research projects that help further the understanding and treatment of depression and the prevention of suicide; 2. Providing information and education about depression and suicide; 3. Promoting professional education for the recognition and treatment of depressed and suicidal individuals; 4. Publicizing the magnitude of the problems of depression and suicide and the need for research, prevention and treatment; and 5. Supporting programs for suicide survivor treatment, research and education."


 Web Extra 15-7.   The National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD) Children's Research Center.
 Annotation:  This is the Website of this research and advocacy group with annotated links to related sites. The focus of the group is on children as victims and perpetrators of crime, and on the needs of dependent children.


 Web Extra 15-8.   Teen Court: A Florida Example.
 Annotation:  Teen court information provided by Seminole County, Florida.  Teen court offers an alternative to juveniles who commit misdemeanor offenses for the first time-allowing them to receive sanctions from a jury of their peers and avoid a lasting criminal record. 


 Web Extra 15-9.   Changing perspectives on Juvenile Justice.
 Annotation:  A report by the Urban Institute about changes that have occurred in America's juvenile courts during the past 30 years.  Violent crimes perpetrated by juveniles are examined, with an eye to public reaction and evolving crime prevention legislation targeting juveniles.  This crime policy report suggests that the work to design a new youth justice system should start before states actually begin to abolish the legal concept of delinquency.


Chapter 16:    Drugs And Crime

Web Extra 16-1.   Drug and Crime Facts.
 Annotation:  A Bureau of Justice Statistics site that provides information about drug-related crimes, law enforcement, courts, and corrections.  It is revised as new information becomes available.  The site serves to provide policymakers, criminal justice practitioners, researchers, and the general public with online access to understandable information on various drug law violations and drug-related law enforcement.


 Web Extra 16-2.   MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving).
 Annotation:  The home page of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD).  MADD is determined to stop drunk driving and to support victims of this violent crime. The site contains key statistics on drunk driving and discussion forums covering related issues.  A victims' assistance area is also available.


 Web Extra 16-3.   The Office of National Drug Control Policy  (ONDCP).
 Annotation:  Home page of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), located in the White House.  ONDCP is run by a special "drug czar" appointed by the President, and provides drug abuse statistics, publishes the National Drug Control Policy, offers prevention and education information, suggests treatment modalities, and assists with drug law enforcement.


 Web Extra 16-4.   High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) program.
 Annotation:  The High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) Program -- a project of the Office of National Drug Control Strategy -- identifies geographic areas having the most critical drug-trafficking problems in the country.  It also provides resources to assist those areas in fighting drug crime.


 Web Extra 16-5.    Dictionary of Street Drug Slang.
 Annotation:  This Indiana Prevention Resource Center on-line dictionary contains more than 3,800 street drug slang terms from the Indiana Prevention Resource Center files, with more than 1,200 additions from the National Drug and Crime Clearinghouse slang term list.


 Web Extra 16-6.   The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
 Annotation:  The home page of the largest federal law enforcement agency, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).  The DEA site includes information about the agency, its programs, and major operations. Statistics on drug abuse are provided, along with information on drug traffickers, fugitives, DEA publications, and DEA employment.  A DEA "museum" rounds out the online offerings.


 Web Extra 16-7..   Clubdrugs.org.
 Annotation:   A project of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Clubdrugs.org is a public information campaign intended to alert the public especially the young and club-going public about the dangers of club drugs. Club drugs are being used by young adults at all-night dance parties such as "raves" or "trances," dance clubs, and bars. MDMA (Ecstasy), GHB, Rohypnol, ketamine, methamphetamine, and LSD are some of the club or party drugs gaining popularity. NIDA-supported research has shown that use of club drugs can cause serious health problems and, used in combination with alcohol, these drugs can be even more dangerous.


 Web Extra 16-8.   The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN).
 Annotation:  The home page of the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN).  The mission of the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network is to support and strengthen domestic and international anti-money laundering efforts and to foster interagency and global cooperation to that end through information collection, analysis and sharing, technological assistance, and innovative and cost-effective implementation of Treasury authorities.


 Web Extra 16-9.   International Narcotics Control Board (INCB).
 Annotation:   The INCB promotes government compliance with the provisions of drug control treaties and to assist them in that effort. The Board endeavors to ensure that adequate supplies of legal drugs are available for medical and scientific uses, and that leakages from licit sources to illicit traffic do not occur. With respect to illicit manufacture and trafficking of drugs, the Board identifies where weaknesses in the national and international control systems exist and contributes to correcting the situation. Further, the Board is responsible for assessing chemicals used to illicitly manufacture drugs, for possible international control.


 Web Extra 16-10.  The debate over (DARE) Drug Abuse Resistance Education.
 Annotation:   A Drug Policy Alliance report on the controversy surrounding a University of Kentucky survey of more than 1,400 children.  Researchers interviewed DARE participants 10 years after completing the program, and concluded that these students were no less likely to use drugs, alcohol, and tobacco, than children who did not go through the program.


 Web Extra 16-11.    RAND's Drug Policy Research Center.
 Annotation:   RAND's goal is to conduct the empirical research, policy analysis, and outreach needed to help community leaders and public officials develop more effective strategies for dealing with drug problems.


 Web Extra 16-12.    National Association of Drug Court Professionals.
 Annotation:   An association of Professionals who work in drug courts throughout the United States, joined together for education and advocacy on behalf of drug courts. The group promotes a change in the way that business is done in the criminal justice system arena in adjudicating offenders with drug and/or alcohol addictions. The groups favors a therapeutic approach to criminal justice where offenders are required to undergo drug treatment, frequent drug testing, close monitoring and regular court visits. This approach better ensures a short-term accountability in the criminal adjudication process and a long-term reduction in recidivism, they believe.


Chapter 17:  Terrorism and Multinational Criminal Justice

Web Extra 17-1.   National Institute of Justice International Center.
 Annotation:  With the continuous changes in technology from the growth of air travel to the rapid advancement in electronic communications crime continues to develop an international face. Criminal enterprises and activities have extended their reach beyond national borders, presenting new challenges for criminal justice systems around the world. The Center provides communities and jurisdictions in the United States and overseas with a powerful resource to help practitioners, researchers, and policymakers meet these new challenges. The mission of the International Center is fourfold: to stimulate, facilitate, evaluate and disseminate both national and international criminal justice research and information.


 Web Extra 17-2.   The Office of International Criminal Justice (OICJ).
 Annotation:  The Office of International Criminal Justice (OICJ), located at the University of Illinois at Chicago, is one of the best known academic criminal justice programs in the world.   The OICJ site offers information on international criminal organizations, access to late breaking international crime stories, and information on international study tours offered by the Office.  Issues of the Keeper's Voice, the official publication of the International Association of Correctional Officers, is also available at the site.


 Web Extra 17-3.   United Nations Crime And Justice Information Network.
 Annotation:   An electronic clearinghouse that serves to facilitate information exchange and interlinkages among policy makers, planners, practitioners, scholars and other experts, as well as United Nations national correspondents and research institutions. It provides gateways permitting the transfer of knowledge, including research results, and links criminal justice documentation centers and libraries around the world; to support the establishment and expansion of computerized national and local criminal justice systems.


 Web Extra 17-4.   The World Justice Information Network (WJIN).
 Annotation:  The World Justice Information Network, or WJIN.NET, is an independent global research forum operated by representatives of the international community.  The site provides an Internet-based system for sharing information on crime, justice and the rule of law among policy makers, executives, criminal justice and law enforcement officials, international organizations, researchers and other academics, students, civic activists, journalists and concerned citizens worldwide.  WJIN is a membership-only site, but anyone who is professionally involved in the area of international crime and justice may meet the criteria for free membership.  To sign up for a trial membership visit http://www.wjin.net.


 Web Extra 17-5.   World Society of Victimology (WSV).
 Annotation:  The WSV promotes research on victims and victim assistance; advocacy of their interests throughout the world; to encourage interdisciplinary and comparative research in victimology; to advance the cooperation of international, regional, and local agencies, groups, and individuals concerned with the problems of victims. Its worldwide membership, brought together by their mutual concern for victims, includes victim assistance practitioners, scientists, social workers, physicians, lawyers, university professors, and students.


 Web Extra 17-6.   The United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (ODCCP).
 Annotation:  A global leader in the fight against illicit drugs and international crime, ODCCP consists of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) and the United Nations Centre for International Crime Prevention (CICP). ODCCP has approximately 350 staff members worldwide. Its headquarters are in Vienna and it has 22 Field Offices as well as Liaison Offices in New York and Brussels.


 Web Extra 17-7.   Protection Project.
 Annotation:  The goal of the Protection Project is to research and document the global scope of the problem of trafficking in persons and, through the dissemination of relevant and timely information, to influence policy and practice in the war against trafficking.


 Web Extra 17-8.   INTERPOL (USNCB).
 Annotation:  This site is run by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) to describe INTERPOL and U.S. involvement in the organization.  Also included are links to INTERPOL member country sites, information on INTERPOL's role in recovering stolen art, its role in recovering stolen vehicles, and in identifying and confiscating counterfeit currency.


 Web Extra 17-9.   Europol.
 Annotation:  The site of the European Police Office. Europol came into existence in October 1998, and seeks to improve the effectiveness and cooperation among member states in preventing and combating terrorism, unlawful drug trafficking, and other serious forms of international crime.


 Web Extra 17-10.   Coalition for the International Criminal Court (ICC).
 Annotation:  On 11 April 2002, 10 countries ratified the Rome Statute for the ICC, surpassing the number needed to trigger entry of the statute into force on 1 July 2002. The International Criminal Court (ICC) will be a permanent court for trying individuals accused of committing genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The ICC will enter into force on 1 July 2002 and be established over the course of the next year.


 Web Extra 17-11.   Transnational Organized Crime.
 Annotation:  This is the full text of a statement made by Robert S. Gelbard, Assistant Secretary for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, before the House Committee on International Relations.  Gelbard discusses fighting transnational crime, the training necessary for a successful battle, the need for a rapid response to criminal threats, working with the international community, and more.


 Web Extra 17-12.   Terrorist Information and Prevention System (TIPS).
 Annotation:   This itent of this proposed but quickly disbanded program was to enlist the help of millions of American workers who, in the daily course of their work, are in a unique position to serve as extra eyes and ears for law enforcement. Operation TIPS would have provided training for these workers from selected industries in how to look out for suspicious and potentially terrorist-related activity existing volunteer opportunities, educational information, and training courses to address crime, terrorism, and natural disaster risks. The program lost support due to the concerns of many that the program was an unwarranted encroachment on individual privacy and civil liberites.


 Web Extra 17-13.   Department Of Homeland Security.
 Annotation:  The new Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has three primary missions: Prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage from potential attacks and natural disasters.


 Web Extra 17-14.   Ready.gov.
 Annotation:  A common sense framework designed to launch a process of learning about citizen preparedness. One of the primary mandates of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security is to educate the public, on a continuing basis, about how to be prepared in case of a national emergency – including a possible terrorist attack.


 Web Extra 17-15.   The Terrorism Research Center.
 Annotation: The Terrorism Research Center is dedicated to informing the public of the phenomena of terrorism and information warfare. This site features essays and thought pieces on current issues, as well as links to other terrorism documents, profiles of terrorist groups, anti-terrorism organizations, and terrorism research and resources.


 Web Extra 17-16.   State Department's Counterterrorism Office.
 Annotation:   Coordinates all U.S. Government efforts to improve counterterrorism cooperation with foreign governments. It also serves a leadership role in the Interagency Working Group on Counterterrorism and the State Department's terrorism task forces to coordinate responses to major international terrorist incidents that are in progress. Another primary responsibility is to develop, coordinate, and implement American counterterrorism policy.


Chapter 18:  The Future of Criminal Justice

Web Extra 18-1.    The Council of Europe Treaty Office.
 Annotation: European Conventions and Agreements are prepared and negotiated within the institutional framework of the Council of Europe. The Convention on Cybercimre was the first international treaty on crimes committed via the Internet and other computer networks, dealing particularly with infringements of copyright, computer-related fraud, child pornography and violations of network security. It also contains a series of powers and procedures such as the search of computer networks and interception.


 Web Extra 18-2.    CYBERCRIME.GOV: The Department of Justice's Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section (CCIPS).
 Annotation: Includes information on how to report high-tech crimes, the coordination of law enforcement efforts to combat Internet-based crime, and job opportunities with enforcement agencies involved in the fight against cybercrime.


 Web Extra 18-3.   Center for Disease Control/Biological Agents/Diseases.
 Annotation:   The U.S. public health system and primary healthcare providers must be prepared to address various biological agents, including pathogens that are rarely seen in the United States. High-priority agents include organisms that pose a risk to national security because they can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person, result in high mortality rates and have the potential for major public health impact, might cause public panic and social disruption, and require special action for public health preparedness.


 Web Extra 18-4.  Center For The Study Of Bioterrorism (CSB).
 Annotation:   The first priority for the Center for the Study of Bioterrorism and Emerging Infections is to conduct a needs assessment of healthcare workers. This needs assessment will use qualitative and quantitative research methods to discern the level interest and concern of health care professionals on the subjects of bioterrorism and emerging infections. In addition, the assessment will address the training content methods to deliver information.


 Web Extra 18-5.  The Society of Police Futurists International (PFI).
 Annotation:  The Society of Police Futurists International (PFI) is an organization of law enforcement practitioners,educators, researchers, private security specialists, technology experts and other professionals dedicated to improving criminal and social justice through the professionalization of policing. Futures Research (long-range planning and forecasting) is the pivotal discipline that constitutes the philosophical underpinnings of PFI.


 Web Extra 18-6.   Foresight Institute.
 Annotation:   Foresight Institute is a member of the Foresight family of organizations founded to help prepare for nanotechnology and other important future technologies. Nanotechnology is an expected future manufacturing technology that will make most products lighter, stronger, cleaner, less expensive and more precise. Foresight has a special interest in Web Enhancement software to add new features to the Web that are necessary to develop a fully capable hypertext publishing system. This effort reflects our belief that such systems will be sorely needed to improve the evolution of knowledge and to enhance the quality of discussions and decisions.


 Web Extra 18-7.  The International Biometric Group.
 Annotation:  IBG helps government agencies and Fortune 500 companies integrate biometric technologies to increase security, cut costs, reduce fraud, and develop new products and services.


 Web Extra 18-8.  The Innocence Project.
 Annotation:  The Innocence Project provides pro bono legal assistance to inmates who are challenging their convictions based on DNA testing of evidence. The Project has represented or assisted in more than 100 cases where convictions have been reversed or overturned in the United States.


 Web Extra 18-9.  The National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence.
 Annotation:  The purpose of the National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence is to provide the U.S. Attorney General with recommendations on the use of current and future DNA methods, applications and technologies in the operation of the criminal justice system, from the crime scene to the courtroom.


 Web Extra 18-10.   State Sex Offender Registries and Online Databases.
 Annotation: PANdora's Box includes a collection of most U.S. online sex offender databases.  Choose a state and search by offender's name.  A few state-specific sites are listed below:
Florida
Kansas
Michigan
New York
Texas
Web Extra 18-11.   FBI's "Most Wanted" List.
 Annotation:   As part of their Fugitive Publicity Program, the FBI places photographs and other information regarding fugitives on its web site, The FBI's "Ten Most Wanted Fugitives."


 Web Extra 18-12.    Department of Justice's Information Technology Initiatives.
 Annotation: The Office of Justice Programs (OJP) Information Technology (IT) Initiatives Web site is an Internet-based resource that enables justice practitioners at all levels of government to access timely and useful information from information sharing and technology integration processes, initiatives, and technological developments. The Web site provides a wealth of helpful information, such as integration profiles for states, case studies, system descriptions and overviews, funding approaches, and models of integrated systems.


 Web Extra 18-13.    The General Services Administration's Smart Card Tutorial - An Online Multimedia Presentation.
 Annotation: This tutorial focuses on the microprocessor type of Smart Card defined as an IC chip contact card with a microprocessor and memory. No bigger than a credit card, this smart card contains a dime-sized microchip that can process and store thousands of bits of electronic data. Unlike passive devices (such as a memory card or magnetic stripe card) that can only store information, the smart card is active and able to process data in reacting to a given situation. In this presentation you will learn how smart cards are being used by millions of people worldwide. Also, the latest smart card technologies and applications are reviewed.

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Last Modified on September 12, 2004 Eighth Edition

Copyright © 2005 & 2004 by Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D.
All Rights Reserved.